There were no significant associations between radiation dose and AMD, with each 1-Gy increase in exposure, adjusted odds ratio was 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.75–1.15) for early AMD and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.21–2.94) for late AMD. The prevalence of early and late AMD was 10.5% and 0.3%, respectively. Person-specific data were analyzed by using a logistic regression model to assess the association between radiation dose and AMD.Īmong the 1824 subjects with gradable retinal images (84.7% of the overall participants), the estimated eye dose was widely distributed, with a mean of 0.45 Gy and standard deviation of 0.74 Gy. Early and late AMD were defined according to the type of lesion detected in the worse eye of the participants. The retinal photographs were graded according to the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System modified for nonstereoscopic retinal images. The radiation dose to the eye for the analysis was estimated with the revised dosimetry system (DS02). The Adult Health Study is a cohort study of atomic bomb survivors living in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, comprising 2153 participants who underwent examinations with retinal fundus photographs in 2006–2008. They returned to Wendover, UT, in the B-29 Luke the Spook, on August 9, 1945, in case they were needed to transport another Fat Man plutonium core.To investigate the association between radiation exposure from the atomic bombings and the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) among older residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Crew C-12 ( Luke the Spook) participated in training missions.Ĭrew A-5 flew three combat missions.
#Atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki japan full#
The crews for Straight Flush, Full House, and Jabit III flew in their regularly assigned planes for the atomic bombing missions, but the crews regularly assigned to the Enola Gay, Bockscar, The Great Artiste, Necessary Evil, Laggin’ Dragon, and Up an’ Atom flew in different planes for the missions.Ĭrew A-3 (assigned to Next Objective), Crew A-4 ( Strange Cargo), Crew B-7 ( Some Punkins) flew on several combat missions over Japan from Tinian, but did not fly in the Hiroshima or Nagasaki atomic bombing missions. *Note: Full House flew as the backup strike aircraft during the Nagasaki mission, but landed and remained at Iwo Jima when Bockscar was able to complete the mission. Crew B-8 (regularly assigned to Top Secret) flew the plane.īackup strike plane on Iwo Jima. Crew B-10 (regularly assigned to Up An’ Atom) flew the plane. Robert Serber was supposed to fly as a scientific observer and camera operator, but he forgot his parachute and was not allowed on the mission. Norman Ray was the crew’s regular aircraft commander, but he was ill and did not participate in the mission.) Crew C-14 (regularly assigned to Necessary Evil) flew the plane.
Crew C-13 (regularly assigned to Bockscar) flew the plane.Ĭpt. A modified Crew C-15 (regularly assigned to The Great Artiste) flew the plane. Strike plane carrying Fat Man atomic bomb. Crew B-8 (reguarly assigned to Top Secret) flew the plane.ġLT Charles F. Assistant engineer/scanner.īackup strike plane on Iwo Jima. Regular crew (Crew C-11) flew plane.Ĭapt. Regular crew (Crew A-1) flew the plane.Ĭapt. Crew B-10 (regularly assigned to Up An’ Atom) flew the plane.Ĭapt. He was the only person to witness the Trinity test and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.Ĭamera plane. Olivi did not fly on this mission because he was “pre-empted because they had to have some scientific observers on board,” according to an interview with Olivi. Regular crew (Crew C-15) flew the plane, with the exception of c o-pilot 2LT Frederick J. Weaponeer and mission commander.ĢLT Morris R. Only person to fly on the strike plane on both bombing missions.
Strike plane carrying Little Boy atomic bomb. This list has been thoroughly checked for accuracy by several 509 th Composite Group experts and historians.Įnola Gay. There are many incorrect lists online of the planes and crews that flew on the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing missions. Crews were often rotated around during the missions. The term “pumpkin bomb” can apply to both the dummy concrete bombs used at Wendover for training, and to the high-explosive bombs dropped over Japan. They had been specially modified to accomodate the size and weight of the atomic bombs. All of the B-29s involved in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and “pumpkin bomb” training and combat missions at Wendover, UT and on Tinian were Project Silverplate B-29s.
0 kommentar(er)
